How computers fake grey using only black and white dots

Old Mac screens, cheap printers and some modern games can only show two colours: black and white. Yet they still draw soft shadows and smooth skies.

The trick is dithering: choosing how many black dots to put in each tiny patch so your eye blurs them into grey. The clever part is deciding which dots. Cutting at 50% wipes out all shading, random noise looks grainy, a repeating Bayer tile gives a tidy cross-hatch, and Floyd–Steinberg passes each pixel's rounding error to its neighbours so almost no brightness is lost. Drag the light and compare them.